LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

(S|ap. - @OOT"# 1" 

Shelf. .J.2c.-i) 



UNITED STATES OF AMEEICA. 



i0me €olhc^t Series. 



Number 



Thirty-Seven, 



THE WATCH 



AND THE CLOCK. 



REV. ALFRED TAYLOR. 



/^J/J-. ^ 



NEW YORK: 
PHILLIPS & HUNT. 

CINCINNATI: 

WALDEN <Sc STOWE 

1883. 



The "Home College Series" will contain one hundred short papers on 
a wide range of subjects — biographical, historical, scientific, literary, domes- 
tic, political, and religious. Indeed, the religious tone will characterize all 
of them. They are written for every body — for all whose leisure is limited, 
but who desire to use the minutes for the enrichment of life. 

These papers contain seeds from the best gardens in all the world of 
human knowJedge, and if dropped wisely into good soil, will bring forth 
harvests of beauty and value. 

They are for the young — especially for young people (and older people, 
too) who are out of the schools, wh(?'are full of "business" and "cares," 
who are in^danger of reading nothing, or of reading a sensational literature 
that is worse than nothing. 

One of these papers a week read over and over, thought and talked about 
at "odd times," will give in one year a vast fund of information, an intel- 
lectual quickening, worth even more than the mere knowledge acquired, a 
taste for solid reading, many hours of simple and wholesome pleasure, and 
ability to talk intelligently and helpfully to one's friends. 

Pastors may organize " Home College " classes, or " Lyceum Reading 
Unions," or "Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circles," and help the 
young people to read and think and talk and live to worthier purpose. 

A young man may have his own little " college " all by himself, read this 
series of tracts one after the other, (there will soon be one hundred of them 
ready,) examine himself on tliem by the " Thought-Outline to Help the Mem- 
ory," and thus gain knowledge, and, what is better, a love of knowledge. 

And what a young man may do in this respect, a young woman, and both 

old men and old women, may do. 

J. H. Vincent. 
New York, Jan., 1883. 



Copyright, 1883, by Phillips & Hcnt, New York. 



lonw Colltge ^mts. |\umbtr Cbirtn-scbcn. 



THE WATCH AND THE CLOCK. 



One of the proudest days in a young man's life is that on 
which he first becomes the possessor of a watch. Whetlier 
the watch is presented to him, or is the purchased result of 
his own savings, it is in his eyes the best time-piece in the 
world. At once he begins to test by it the accuracy of 
every watch and clock he meets, and to time every occur- 
rence as it takes place. A bright lad, on his birthday morn- 
ing, received a watch as a present from his father. After 
the presentation the next event was family prayers. When 
the family rose from their knees the bright lad pleasantly 
remarked, as he held his watch in his hand, " Pa, that prayer 
was just three minutes and a half." To be unable to use a 
watch or clock is evidence of great lack of education. A 
newly- arrived servant, having been sent to the kitchen to 
look at the clock and report the time of day, returned after 
about a quarter of an hour saying, " Well, ma'am, as near as. 
I can make it out, one of the hands is a p'intin' straight up- 
ward, and the ither one is half way aroond the face uv the 
clock." Biddy's acquaintance with time-keeping machinery 
had been but slender. 

Now that watches have become so common that almost 
every body carries one, and clocks are so cheap that the poor- 
est family can have one in the house, it seems strange to 
think of the days when even the most wealthy and distin- 
guished had neither clock nor watch. As far as we can 
learn, the sun-dial was the sole reliance of the ancients for 
tinding out the time of day. As to the time of night, they 
had to guess at it, and so with the days which were cloudy 
and stormy. Notwithstanding this, there were skilled as- 
tronomers both in Assyria and in Egypt, and probably in 



THE WATCH AND THE CLOCK. 



other countries. The most ancient sun-dials are variously 
called " dials," " steps," and " degrees." The earliest biblical 
mention of a " dial " is that of Ahnz, King of Judah, about 
740 B.C. Such sun-dials as are now in use, the principal 
feature of which is an index or gnomon casting its shadow 
on a dial, are supposed to have been invented by Anaxi- 
mander of Miletus, in Greece, about 500 B. C. He was a 
philosopher, mechanic, and astronomer. 

About 600 B. C. the clepsydra, or water-clock, came into 
use. Scipio Nasica, a Grecian, is said to have been the in- 
ventor. This clock registered the flight of time by dropping 
w^ater from one vessel to another. It was introduced in 
Rome, and found its way to India. The Egyptians made 
the clepsydra in many grotesque and artistic forms. Such a 
time-keeper was necessarily inaccurate. The best that can 
be said of it is that it was an improvement on having no 
time-keeper at all. Yet in those days, and for many centu- 
ries after, there were no railway trains to be started on time, 
no steam-boats to make close connections, nor any business 
requiring the rigid punctuality and accurate observance of 
minutes, and the fractions of a minute, which the time-keep- 
ers of the present day record. 

The hour-glass, which by the flow of sand marked the 
passage of the hours, was the next improvement on the 
w^ater-clock. About 300 A. D. this time-keeper came into 
favor. It consists of a wasp-shaped vessel, very narrow at 
the waist. The sand falls from the top part through a small 
hole in the ^^aist to the bottom part. When it has all fallen, 
it denotes that an hour or some other measure of time has 
passed. By the old Kew England preachers hour-glasses 
were sometimes used to tell the length of the sermons. The 
glass was placed on the corner of the pulpit, and it was not 
unusual for the good old dominie to turn it twice in the 
course of his sermon. Yet the congregation patiently stood 
these long discourses. Nowadays, if a preacher continues 



THE WATCH AND THE CLOCK. 



for over half an hour, there is no hour-glass to encourage hhu 
in keeping on longer; but, on the contrary, he is reminded 
by the clicking of watches that some of his hearers are mark- 
ing the time, and that they wish he would stop. 

To note all the events in the growth of the perfection of 
time-keeping apparatus would require a large volume. King 
Alfred, of England, made a radical improvement. It con- 
sisted of wax candles which burned at the rate of an inch an 
hour. Six of his candles lasted twenty-four hours. They 
were in charge of a chaplain who had nothing else to do but 
to attend to them. When a cover or chimney of horn was 
invented to shield these candles from draughts of air, and 
thus to keep them from flaring and burning irregularly, it 
was considered a great triumph of inventive genius. 

A clock which should go by weights and wheels had for 
centuries been aimed at by the ingenious. There is no cer- 
tainty as to who made the first success in this endeavor. 
Certain it is that there were many attempts which came 
very near to being successful. Some say that Archimedes, 
B. C. 250, made a partial success. About 800 A. D. the King 
of Persia sent to the Emperor Charlemagne a striking clock, 
curiously constructed of brass. When it struck, horsemen 
of brass marched out of a window, and then marched in 
again. Ingenious as was this work of the Persian mechan- 
ics, it was worked by water, after the manner of the old 
clepsydras. Pacificus, Archdeacon of Verona, made some- 
thing like a clock in the ninth century, and so did William, 
Abbot of Hirshaw, in the eleventh. Robert Wallingford, 
Abbot of St. Al ban's, in England, made a clock about 1300. 
Gerbert, who afterward became Pope Sylvester II., made 
a clock at Magdeburg in 996. There is some uncertainty 
as to whether this ran by weights or by water. The Canter- 
bury Cathedral clock was built in 1292, and that of Exeter 
Cathedral in 1317. The first Strasburg Cathedral clock was 
finished in 1334. The first great clock of Westminster 



THE W:\TGH AND THE CLOCK, 



was made in 1288. The pendulum was not invented 
until four centuries after this. The early clocks had a 
vibrating balance, instead of a pendulum, and must have run 
very irregularly. In fact, it was a part of the business of 
the monks, in cathedrals where there were clocks, to regulate 
the hand from time to time, and make it j^oint to what the 
sun showed to be about the right time of day. Clocks then 
had only an hour hand, the minute hand being an addition 
of later inventors. As late as the time of Henry VIII., of 
England, clocks were called horologes. When striking clocks 
became more common, their present name was aj^plied to 
them. It is from the French cloche, a bell. There arose a 
public demand for a time-keeper which should be less clumsy 
and costly than the clock. The clock was available only 
when standing in an upright position. People wanted some- 
thing which could be carried in the pocket. After many 
struggles of inventors, and many discouraging failures, the 

"Pocket Clock" 

was at last produced. The first important step in this di- 
rection was the invention of a coiled sj^ring for the motive 
power, to take the place of the weight which had kept the 
clock-work in motion. Instead of the pendulum, the use of 
which compelled the clock to be kept upright, the balance- 
wheel with a spiral spring was invented as a regulator. 
Open your watch, and you will see this balance-wheel dili- 
gently at work, with the "hair-spring" inside of it. It 
makes over 18,000 motions in the course of a day. Think 
how accurately those motions must be figured out and regu- 
lated to make your watch keep any thing like accurate time. 
The name of the inventor of the main-spring is involved in 
uncertainty, and so is that of the man who first made a bal- 
ance-wheel and hair-spring. These inventions bear date of 
the fifteenth century. Until the invention of the balance- 
wheel the main-spring was of little use, for it cai*ried the 



THE WATCH AND THE CLOCK. 



train of wheels with irregular motion, and ranch too rapidly. 
Among the many places which claim the honor of the inven- 
tion of " pocket clocks," as watches were at first called, the 
ancient German city of Nuremberg appears to hold the most 
valid claims. The early watches were called " Nuremberg 
•eggs," from the fact that they were made in oval shape. 
The claim reaches back as far as 1477, although there is 
nothing that can be positively established in regard to it 
until 1490. About that time an ingenious mechanic, named 
Peter Hele, produced what, for that age, was a remarkable 
triumph of horological skill. This curiosity was about six 
inches wide and nine long, being in oval shape, and of a style 
of finish which would be regarded as by far too heavy for 
the ordinary pocket of modern days. 

The Emperor Charles V., of Germany, had a mania for 
collecting clocks and watches. After his retirement to 
the monastery of St. Juste, he spent much of his time in 
gratifying his fancy of trying to make several watches keep 
accurate time together. The perfection of modern mechan- 
ism has made this possible which was, with the imperfect 
work of those days, an impossibility. Weary with his fruit- 
less endeavors, he one day remarked in disgust, " What an 
•egregious fool I have been to have squandered so much 
blood and treasure in an absurd attempt to make all men 
think alike, when I cannot even make a few watches keep 
time together!" One day, while several watches were on 
the table before him, a careless monk came blundei'ing into 
the room, and stupidly upset the table with all that was on 
it. The emperor remarked to the monk, " I have been labor- 
ing for some time to make these watches go together, and 
jiow you have accomplished it in an instant." 

One of the most famous of the early watches was that 
made by Jacob Zech, of Prague, in 1525. It is still in exist- 
ence. The body is inclosed in a circular case or box, of gilt 
brass^ measuring nine and three-quarter inches in diameter by 



THE WATCH AND THE CLOCK. 



five inches in height. Both the design and workmanship of 
this case are in excellent taste, and the bold, foliated decora- 
tion around its sides is finely finished. The arabesque portion 
is divided into three shields ; of these the first, bearing an 
eagle displayed and crowned, surmounted by a royal crown^ 
shows Poland ; the second, bearing a serpent entwined and 
wavy pale, crowned, a child issuant from its mouth, and sur- 
mounted by a ducal crown, typifies the house of Yisconti ; 
and the third shield displays the arms of Lithuania, a knight 
armed cap-a-pie^ and mounted on a horse, holding in his 
dexter hand a drawn sword, and having pendent from his 
neck a shield charged with the Hungarian cross. Such are 
the bearings on the periphery of the clock case ; and in the 
center of the dial-plate is an escutcheon, with the arms of 
Poland on the dexter side, impaled with those of Visconti 
on the sinister. The whole are clearly and boldly repre- 
sented. This clock was the property of Sigismund I., King 
of Poland, surnnmed the Great. 

The watch-makers of the sixteenth century made rapid ad- 
vancement in their art. In 1544 the Guild of Master 
Clock-makers in Paris obtained a statute from Francis I., 
which secured to them the sole privilege of making clocks 
and watches of all sizes and descriptions within the limits of 
that city. About the same time watches were introduced 
into England — not by any means a common article of use, 
but only for the great and wealthy. King Henry VIII. 
had a fancy for curious watches. At his palace at West- 
minster he had, in 1542, a "larum or w^atch of iron, the case 
being likewise gilt, with two plumettes of lead." This seems 
rather to have been a portable alarm clock than a pocket time- 
l)iece. He had a watch which would run for a week, and an- 
other which is described as having a " case of gold." As this 
cost only £10 10s., possibly the "case of gold" was not very 
heavy or solid ; still, we must remember that the purchasing 
power of money was much greater in those days than now. 



THE WATCH AND THE* CLOCK. 



Mary Queen of Scots had a number of odd and curious 
watches, chief among which was her famous skull-shaped 
one. This was bequeathed by her to her maid of honor, 
Mary Setoun, and is still in existence. It is silver gilt. On 
the forehead of the skull is the figure of Death, with scythe 
and sand-glass. On the back of the skull is a representation 
of Time devouring all things. There are, besides, various 
curious and grotesque devices. The watch is opened by 
reversing the skull and then lifting the under jaw, which 
rises on a hinge. The dial -plate is where the roof of the 
mouth would be in a human being. A silver bell, on which 
a hammer strikes the hours, fills the entire hollow of the 
skull. 

John Knox, the great reformer, received as a present from 
Mary Queen of Scots a curious watch in a crystal case, of 
oblong, octagon shape. It is still preserved. A thread of 
catgut is found in place of the chain used in more modern 
watches. This catgut is not found in later watches than 
those of the sixteenth century. This is a very small watch, 
being only an inch and a half long and an inch and two 
tenths wide. It has two lids of silver. The dial-plate is 
nine tenths of an inch in diameter, and inscribed with Ro- 
man numerals. 

In the days of Queen Elizabeth watches were more gen- 
erally introduced, and were often worn by the wealthy as 
ornaments, rather than as conveniences for telling the time, 
for, with all the ingenuity of the watch-makers of those days, 
it was frequently the case that an elaborately finished watch 
was of little value as a time-keeper. All manner of curious 
designs were brought into service in the embellishment of 
watches. Some retained the original egg-shape, while others 
were fashioned like crosses, acorns, pears, skulls, flowers, and 
other whimsical forms. The works of these watches were, 
for the most part, of iron and steel. 

Queen Elizabeth's fancy ran to various oddities in watch 



THE WATCH AND THE CLOCK. 



decoration. One of her many watches is described as a 
" little clocke of goulde, with a cristall, garnished with 
sparkes of small diamonds, sparkes of rubyes, and sparkes 
of emeraldes, and furnished on the back syde with other dy- 
monds, rubyes, and other stones of small value." 

Watch-making became one of the great industries of Switz- 
erland. The manufacture of watches in that country dates 
from the small beginnings of Chiirks Autun, who, in 1587, 
went from Burgundy to Geneva to escape religious persecu- 
tion. But very different from the Swiss watches of the 
present day were those which this man and his successors 
turned out. They were clumsy and inaccurate, yet they 
generally sold for about their weight in gold. In the sev- 
enteenth century the Swiss abandoned the old-fashioned 
fusee chain, and substituted the coiled hair-spring balance. 
In 1658 a watch containing this improvement was pre- 
sented to King Charles II., of England. The next im- 
provements were in the escapements. The escapement is 
that part of the mechanism, either in a watch or a clock, 
which connects the regulating power with the wheel-work. 
But for the escapement the clock or watch would run down 
as soon as wound up. Almost every manufacturer has some 
different form of escapement. 

About the year ITOO jewels were introduced as bearings 
for the pivots. Previously the pivots had run on metal, and 
in the course of years there was more or less damage from 
wear. One Nicolas Faccio, of Geneva, about 1664, discov- 
ered a way of piercing rubies and other gems so as to 
serve for bearings. Minute pieces of sapphire, garnet, chrys- 
olite, or agate, were also found to answer well. These 
were pierced by a diamond-pointed drill. For some of the 
cheaper watches bits of glass were introduced as bearings, 
but never with perfect satisfaction. The setting of the 
jewels in a watch is now regarded as one of the most im- 
portant parts of superior watch-making. If these are set 



THE WATCH AND THE CLOCK. 



strong and true the watch runs well. If they are poorly 
placed, or if they are of irregular shape or of inferior qual- 
ity, the watch is a failure for purposes of accurate time- 
keeping. 

The balance-wheel was far from perfect in its original 
introduction. Even so small a piece of metal is subject to 
expansion and contraction by reason of heat and cold. The 
watches which were made before its perfection, both in 
Switzerland and England, were such as hardly any body 
would now be willing to carry. They were made almost 
entirely by hand. No two corresponding parts of watches 
were exactly alike. The compensation balance of John 
Harrison was the next great improvement, bearing date 
about 1767, its invention being also claimed by Berthond, a 
London watch-maker. Its circumference is divided into two 
sections, the ends of which are fastened to a cross-bar of 
steel. The outer rim of the balance being of brass, and the 
inner of steel, the compensation between the two metals in 
their contraction and expansion is accurate. With this the 
English watch began to attain its high development as a 
time-keeper. The making of watches was introduced in 
England as a business in 1679 by a Swiss mechanic, who 
went from Geneva to London. The greater facility enjoyed 
by the Swiss for producing accurate work had the effect of 
introducing Swiss watches extensively into England. The 
Swiss watch was much lighter and more convenient than the 
English. There was a great fancy among Englishmen for 
the heavy and solid style of watch known as "biiU's-eyes." 
The common English watch was generally of this kind, and 
was far from reliable. Dickens graphically pictures it, in 
speaking of Captain Cuttle's memorable time-piece : 

"The captain immediately drew Walter into a corner, 
and with a great effort that made his face very red, pulled 
up the silver watch, which was so big, and so tight in his 
pocket, that it came out like a bung." 



10 THE WATCH AND THE CLOCK. 

" WaFr," said the captain, handing it over, and shaking- 
hira heartily by the hand, " a parting gift, my lad. Put it 
back half an liour every morning, and about another quar- 
ter toward the afternoon, and it's a watch that'll do you 
credit." 

Such time-keeping as that might serve Captain Cuttle's 
purposes, but it would not answer now. With railroad 
trains and steam-boats which depart on time, with appoint- 
ments which must be kept to the moment, with many impor- 
tant interests depending on exact punctuality, our watches 
must be as accurate as the motion of the sun. A man hav- 
ing bought a new watch, stood on the sea-shore with the 
treasure in his hand just before sunrise, and said to his friend 
who stood beside him : " There, now, it is one minute to 
sunrise. If the sun don't begin to lift himself out of that 
ocean in sixty seconds, why, he'll be late, that's all." Thirty 
years ago, when rigidly exact "punctuality was in hardly as 
great demand as now, a young man who was just beginning 
business was introduced by his father to a wealthy and 
somewhat eccentric capitalist, with whom he hoped to have 
some business transactions. The result of the first interview 
was that the capitalist said to the young man, *'Come to my 
office to-morrow at one minute past twelve." The young 
man was amused at such an appointment, and mentioned his 
amusement to his father. The father said, " Well, my boy, 
do you see that your watch is right, and enter his office pre- 
cisely at one minute past twelve." The youth did so, and at 
once found himself in favor with the capitalist, with whom 
he afterward had many transactions. 

The systematic division of labor in Switzerland has done 
much toward securing accuracy among the watch-makers of 
that country. Workmen there are patient and plodding, and 
have not the ambition for change and progress that Ameri- 
can mechanics generally have. Pieces of metal are cut out 
at the watch factories, and given to workmen at their homes 



THE WATCH AND THE CLOCK. It 

to fasliioii and finish. They are then returned to the fac- 
tories to take their places in the completed watch. It is 
often the case that an elderly man is found working on the 
same delicate part of watch construction that he has been 
working on from boyhood. Not only is this the case, but 
sometimes it happens that the man's father and grandfather 
worked on exactly the same. 

The Time-keepers of our own Country. 

America's mission was not at first in the fine arts or in 
delicate and dainty mechanism. For three quarters of a 
century after our forefathers declared independence, the in- 
ventive and ingenious brain and muscle of the land employed 
itself chiefly on farming implements, munitions of war, and 
means of locomotion. Our finer articles of apparel Avere 
brought from Europe, and so were jewelry and similar lux- 
uries, including watches, which had not then become the ne- 
cessity they are now. Clocks had been made, especially in 
Connecticut. Some of these had wheels of hard wood, and 
kept quite respectable time. Some of them were fit only to 
be sold by peddlers to persons whom they never expected 
to see after making the sale. Some quite excellent tower 
and turret clocks had been made, but they were few and 
costly. In 1852 Mr. Howard, of Boston, and his friend, Mr. 
Dennison, laid the foundation of American watch-making. 
They were both practical clock and watch makers, and had 
they not been men of the most persistent determination they 
would never have overcome the difficulties which they found 
in their way. The story of their success would be very 
voluminous. Suffice it to say that America has beaten the 
world on watches. At moderate prices the factories of this 
country have made the possession of a watch possible to the 
humblest mechanic who chooses to save enough from his 
beer or tobacco to make the investment. There are six or 
eight great factories in this country constantly producing 



12 TRE WATCH AND THE CLOCK. 



immense quantities of watches which can be relied on to tell 
the time. Such a watch as in former times would cost, if im- 
ported from Switzerland, about |100, can now be bought for 
#50. The iirst watch factory in America is still located at 
Hoxbury, Mass., in the original building where it was estab- 
lished, many additions having, of course, been made to it. 
About 200,000 watches have been made in it. Not many miles 
a\\:i / is the famous '* Waltham," which has recently finished 
its two millionth watch. Illinois has two principal factories 
—the " Illinois," at Springfield," and the "Elgin," in Elgin. 
A factory has recently been established at Lancaster, Pa. 
One of the most wonderful of American watch-making 
industries is that at Waterbury, Conn., where thousands of 
watches are turned out at a cost of only a little over three 
dollars each. These watches have neither gold case nor ruby 
jewels, yet they keep time. The highest cost of American 
watches is seldom over $200, except where watches of curi- 
•ous mechanism or of very ornate exterior are made to order. 
In this case fancy prices are put on according to circum- 
stances. The Swiss factories and some of the French make 
watches <of complicated construction, with half and quarter 
^second dials, with weekly and monthly calendars, and sun- 
dry other ingenious additions. The cost of such " compli- 
<3ated " watches in plain cases sometimes runs as high as six 
or seven hundred dollars. 

The first watch made in this country is a historical curi- 
osity. It is in possession of Mr. Howard, of Boston, and is 
as good as new. It has two main-springs, by reason of which 
it is heavy, although it does not appear clumsy. This was 
41 fancy of the first makers, who thought that an eight-day 
watch would be desirable. It winds by a key instead of by 
the stem-winder, which in later years has taken the place of 
key-winders. It is to be hoped that this watch may be kept 
for generations, as it is an important part of the country's 
history of progress in art and manufacture. 



THE WATCH AKD THE CLOCK. IS 

As to clocks, American ingenuity and capital have made- 
us independent of foreign makers. A clock can be bought 
anywhere from a dollar to three thousand dollars. For the- 
latter price there are such as the one in the Tribune build- 
ing, in New York, or the Grand Central Depot. The dollar- 
clock may stand on your mantel, and will sometimes tell the- 
time, while at other times it resolutely refuses to tick. A 
good clock, w^ell cared for, will, like a good watch, last a 
great many years. Some clocks, both for home use and for 
offices, are furnished with calendar-dials, which tell the day 
of the week and of the month. Some have astronomical 
attachments representing the motions of the heavenly bod- 
ies. As yet the cost of these has kept them from becoming- 
very common. Yet there are reasons to believe that they 
may generally be introduced,, for a watch has now been made 
in Vienna, with weekly and monthly calendar dials on its 
face, which sells for about twelve dollars. 

The Watch in your Pocket. 

A watch is a valuable possession, provided it tells the time 
faithfully. If it is a poorly made watch, which will not tell 
the truth, it is not worth having; in fact, it is worse than 
useless, for it is a wretched deceiver. The man, woman^ 
boy, or girl, who will not take the trouble to wind a watch 
regularly, is an undeserving and unreliable person who can- 
not be depended upon, and who is not w^orthy of the cheaj:)- 
est watch in existence. 

A good Avatch is- worthy of the best care. It is a delicate 
piece of mechanism. Although made w^ith a view to long 
and accurate service, it may by a little carelessness be inca- 
pacitated for duty. The amount of care required to keep a 
watch in good running order is exceedingly little. 

The treatment of a watch must be uniform and res^ular. 
The watch should always be carried in one position as near- 
ly as possible, namely, upright, in a Hat watch-pocket. It 



14 THE WATCH AND THE CLOCK. 

should have a pocket exclusively to itself, into which dust, 
dirt, pins, and crumbs are not likely to intrude. When taken 
off at night it should be hung up rather than laid flat. 

The winding of a watch is a matter requiring careful 
attention. Some special hour should be selected for it. 
Many people wind their watches on retiring at night, and 
many prefer to do it when they rise in the morning. It 
makes little difference, provided a regular time is observed. 

Never take a watch near a magnet. If the springs be- 
■come magnetized, mischief follows, which is very difficult 
to rectify. 

When a watch is in the least degree out of order, take it 
to a good watch-maker for repair. There is no advantage in 
trusting a good watch to an inferior workman for the sake 
of a supposed economy. Every watch which is at all valued 
by its owner should be cleaned once a year, or at farthest 
once in two years. Even with the greatest care and the 
most thorough protection to the works, infinitesimal parti- 
cles of dust will enter the watch and become lodged in the 
wheels. Furthermore, the old oil needs to be wiped out and 
minute drops of new oil to be substituted. 

Let every owner of a watch or clock remember that "time 
once past never returns," and endeavor to live "redeeming 
the time, because the days are evil." 



OI3:.A.TJT.i^XJQXJ.^^ TEI^SlT-IBOOi^S. 



No. 1. Biblical Exploration. A Con- 
densed Manual on How to Study the 
Bible. By J. H. Vincent, D.D. Full 
and rich 10 

No. 2. Studies of the Stars. A Pocket 
Guide 10 the Science of Astronomy. 
By H. W. Warren, D.D 10 

No. 3. Bible Studies for Little People. 
By Kev. B. T. Vincent 10 

No 4. English History. By J. H. Vin- 
cent, D.D 10 

No. 5. Greek History. By J. H. Vin- 
cent, D.D 10 

No. 6. Greek Literature. By A. D. 
Vail, D.D 20 

No. 7. Memorial Days of the Chautau- 
qua Literary and Scientific Circle — lo 

No. 8. What Noted Men Think of the 
Bible. By L. T. Townsend, D.D 10 

No. 9. William CuUen Bryant 10 

No. 10. What is Education? By Wm. 

F. Phelps, A.M 10 

No. 11. Socrates. By Prof. W. P. Phelps, 
A.M 10 

No. 12. Pestalozzi. By Prof. W. P. 
Phelps, A.M 10 

No. 13. Anglo-Saxon. By Prof. Albert 
S. Cook 20 

No. 14. Horace Mann. By Prof. Wm. 
F. Phelps, A.M 10 

No. 15. Frcebel. By Prof. Wm. P. 
Phelps, A.M 10 

No. 16. Roman History. By J. H. Vin- 
cent, D.D 10 

No. 17. Roger Ascham and John Sturm. 
Glimpses of Education in the Six- 
teenth Century. By Prof. Wm. F. 
Phelps, A.M 10 

No. 18. Christian Evidences. By J. H. 
Vincent, D.D 10 



No. 19. The Book of Books. By J. M. 

Freeman, D.D 10 

No. 20. The Chautauqua Hand-Book, 

By J. H. Vincent, D.D 10 

No. 21. American History. By J. L. 

Hurlbut, A.M 10 

No. 22. Biblical Biology. By Rev. J. 

H, Wythe. A.M., M.D 10 

No. 23. English Literature. By Prof. 

J. H. Gilmore.' 20 

No. 24. Canadian History. By James 

L. Hughes 10 

No. 25. Self-Education. By Joseph Al- 

den, D.D., LL.D 10 

No. 26. The Tabernacle. By Rev. John 

C.Hill 10 

No. 27. Readings from Ancient Classics. 10 
No. 28. Manners and Customs of Bible 

Times. By J. M. Freeman, D.D 10 

No, 29. Man's Antiquity and Language. 

By M. S.Terry, D.D 10 

No. 30. The World of Missions. By 

Henry K. Carroll 10 

No. 31. What Noted Men Think of 

Christ. By L. T. Townsend, D.D. ... 10 
No. 32. A Brief Outline of the History 

of Art. By Miss Julia B. De Forest.. 10 
No. 33. Elihu Burritt: "The Learned 

Blacksmith." By Charles Northend. 10 
No. 34. Asiatic History : China, Corea, 

Japan. By Rev. Wm. Elliot Griffis.. 10 
No. 35. Outlines of General History. 

By J. H. Vincent, D.D 10 

No. 36. Assembly Bible Outlines. By 

J. H. Vincent, D.D 10 

No. 37. Assembly Normal Outlines. By 

J. H. Vincent, D.D 10 

No. 38. The Life of Christ. By Rev. 

J. L. Hurlbut, M.A 10 

No. 39. The Sunday-School Normal 

Class, By J. H. Vincent, D.D 10 



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1. Thomas Carlyle. By Daniel Wise, 

D.D. 

2. ■William Wordsworth. By Daniel 

Wise, D.D. 

3. Egypt. By J. I. Boswell. 

4. Henry Wordsworth Longfellow. 

By Daniel Wise, D.D. 

5. Rome. By J. I. Boswell. 

6. England. By J. I. Boswell. 

7. The Sun. By C. M. Westlake, M.S. 

8. Washington Irving. By Daniel Wise, 

D.D. 

9. Political Economy. By G. M. Steele, 

D.D. 

10. Art in Eg^ypt. By Edward A. Rand. 

11. Greece. By J. I. Boswell. 

12. Christ as a Teacher. By Bishop E. 

Thomson. 
George Herbert. By Daniel Wise, 

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Daniel the Uncompromising Young 

Man. By C. H. Payne, D.D. 
The Moon. By C. M. Westlake, M.S. 
The Rain. By Miss Carrie E. Den- 

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Joseph Addison. By Daniel Wise, 

D.D. 
Edmund Spenser. By Daniel Wise, 

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China and Japan. By J. I. Boswell. 
The Planets. By C. M. Westlake, 

M.S. 

21. William Hickling Prescott. By 

Daniel Wise, D.D. 

22. Wise Sayings of the Common 

Folk. 

23. William Shakespeare. By Daniel 

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24. Geometry. 

25. The Stars. By C. M. Westlake, M.S. 

26. John Milton. By Daniel Wise, D.D. 

27. Penmanship. 

28. Housekeeper's Guide. 
Themistodes and Pericles. (From 

Plutarch.) 

30. Alexander. (From Plutarch.) 

31. Coriolanus and Maximus. (From 

Plutarch.) 

32. Demosthenes and Alcibiades. (From 

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The Gracchi. (From Plutarch.) 
Csesar and Cicero. (From Plutarch.) 
Palestine. By J. I. Boswell. 
Readings from William Words- 
worth. 
The Watch and the Clock. By Al^ 

fred Taylor. 
A Set of Tools. By Alfred Taylor. 



RE 

No. 
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17 



19 



29. 



ADY. 

Diamonds and other Precious 

Stones. By Alfred Taylor. 
Memory Practice. 
Gold and Silver. By Alfred Taylor. 
Meteors. By C. M. Westlake, M.S. 
Aerolites. By C. M. Westlake, M.S. 
France. By J. I. Boswell. 
Euphrates Valley. By J. I. Boswell. 
United States. By J. I. Boswell. 
The Ocean. By Miss Carrie R. Den- 

nen. 
Two Weeks in the Yosemite and 

Vicinity. By J. M. Buckley, D.D. 
Keep Good Company. By Samuel 

Smiles. 
Ten Days in Switzerland. By H. B. 

Ridgaway, D.D. 
Art in the Far East. By E. A. Rand. 
Readings from Cowper. 
Plant Life. By Mrs. V. C. Phoebus. 
Words. By Mrs. V. C. Phoebus. 
Readings from Oliver Goldsmith. 
Art in Greece. Part 1. 
Art in Italy. Part I. 
Art in Germany. 
Art in France. 
Art in England. 
Art in America. 
Readings from Tennyson. 
Readings from Milton. Part I. 
Thomas Chalmers. By Daniel Wise, 

D.D. 
Rufus Choate, 
The Temperance Movement veraut 

The Liquor System. 
Germany. By J. I. Boswell. 
Readings from Milton. Part II. 
Reading and Readers. By H. C. 

Farrar, A.B. 
The Cary Sisters. By Miss Jennie M. 

Bingham. 
A Few Facts about Chemistry. 

Mrs. V. C. Phoebus. 
A Few Facts about Geology. 

Mrs. V. C. Phoebus. 
A Few Facts about Zoology. 

Mrs. V. C. Phoebus. 
Circle (The) of Sciences. 
Daniel Webster. By Dr. C. Adams. 
The World of Science. 
Comets. By C. M. Westlake, M.S. 
Art in Greece. Part II. 
Art in Italy. Part II. 
Art in Land of Saracens. 
Art in Northern Europe. 
Art in Northern Europe, 
Art in Western Asia. 

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